The Cobra

Two subspecies of cobras are found in Pakistan. the Indian or Sdectacled cobra(Naia naia naia)
and the Central Asian/Oxus or Brown cobra(Naia naia oxiana). Both these subsdecies of cobra are about the same size. Average length is 1.9 meters.with a maximum lenath of 2.4 meters.N.naia has a bespectacled marking on back of the neck (also visible from front on rare sdecimens).The hood radiance varies general heavier.shorter than females.but tails longer.N.oxiana is similar in appearance. but lacks the spectacle marking as in N.naia. The Indian or spectacled cobra(N.naia)is a medium-sized scale absent: head not distinct from neck which is dilatable in life in to a broad hood: lo real scale absent: single fanq on each side. followed bv 1-3 small solid teeth: scales smooth shinv. in 21-23 at midrib: centrals 182-196, subclass 53-67. Single pair of periodontal, absence of lo real scale and smooth dorsal.
Color very variable,from jet black,dark olive or dark brown dorsum. Ventrum pale gray to yellowish,with heavy slate gray or dark brown clouding. A spectacle mark on hood dorsum, and a ventral large ocellus, consisting of an outer yellow ring with central dark eye,mesially interrupted by ventral. some are dark clouded. Variegated specimens with light-edged light brown scales are met with in punjab,while jet black are very rare. juvenile has speckled or uniform dorsal pattern. Snout-vent length 1658 mm, tail 269 mm. The Central Asian/Oxus or Brown cobra has ventrals 191-210, subcaudals 62-71; single maxillary tooth(fang) on each side;juvenile pattern condpicuously banded, bands around the body.
Light yellowish to light brown,with or without a hoodmark. Some ventrals underhood dark.ventrum clouded with black. Snout-vent lenght 1370-1512 mm, tail 228-236 mm.this cobra is diurnal,mostly activeduring evening and early morning. It may enter human dwellings when hunting It restlessly moves from place to place in search or prey,which mainly consists of mice,rats poultry,frogs and snakes. Normaly,it is not considered aggressive,particularly shy oj human beings and wil avoid confrontation. Habitually it avoids confrontation with man,at a chance en-counter,first priority is to escape undetected.On sending danger it lifts anterior part of its body to have a good look at its surroundings.If not provoked,it lets fall it's body and slips quietly away.However,if provoked, it hisses loudly and sways its hood to advertise its presence,and displays the hood markings to impress its adversary. it fixes tis eyes to the sourceor annoyance,keenly following its movements.However,all the time at the lookout to have a chance to avoid conrontation and slip away. The swaying of hood with dorsal spectacle mark and ventral yellow ocellus, coupled with loud hiss, arc measures to just look as fearsome and as big as possible,to inpress the enemy.Cobra attacks viciously and furiously  and furiously,striking with full strength and biting savagely,chewing the bitten pen. When biting,It hold on and chews savagely.May strike repeatedly. This snake can be exceptionaly quick -moving and agile.The fangs and venom glands of both subspecies are large.The venom is highly toxic.Snake bite symptoms begin approximately 8 minutes after bite.Victims experiences anxiety the pulse quickens,grows weak and irregular. The victim soon falls in to deep coma.Cobra frequents different habitats: grasslands,vegetation along tilled fields,along water courses,semidesert forests,barns,ruins with grassy growths and around villages. it is plentiful in paddy growing areas,where it is attracted by mice and poultry in to living houses. It rat holes after consuming its occupant.